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List Of Cutaneous (Skin) Conditions - Infection Related (Bacteria and Mycobacteria)
There are many conditions of or affecting the human integumentary system—the organ system that covers the entire surface of the body and is composed of skin, hair, nails, and related muscle and glands. The major function of this system is as a barrier against the external environment. The skin weighs an average of four kilograms, covers an area of two square meters, and is made of three distinct layers: the epidermis, dermis, and subcutaneous tissue. There are two main types of human skin: glabrous skin, the non-hairy skin on the palms and soles (also referred to as the "palmoplantar" surfaces), and hair-bearing skin. Within the latter type, there are hairs in structures called pilosebaceous units, each with hair follicle, sebaceous gland, and associated arrector pili muscle. In the embryo, the epidermis, hair, and glands form from the ectoderm, which is chemically influenced by the underlying mesoderm that forms the dermis and subcutaneous tissues.
The epidermis is the most superficial layer of skin, a squamous epithelium with several strata: the stratum corneum, stratum lucidum, stratum granulosum, stratum spinosum, and stratum basale. Nourishment is provided to these layers via diffusion from the dermis, since the epidermis is without direct blood supply. The epidermis contains four cell types: keratinocytes, melanocytes, Langerhans cells, and the Merkel cell. Of these, keratinocytes are the major component, constituting roughly 95 percent of the epidermis. This stratified squamous epithelium is maintained by cell division within the stratum basale, in which differentiating cells slowly displace outwards through the stratum spinosum to the stratum corneum, where cells are continually shed from the surface. In normal skin, the rate of production equals the rate of loss; it takes about two weeks for a cell to migrate from the basal cell layer to the top of the granular cell layer, and an additional two weeks to cross the stratum corneum.
The dermis is the layer of skin between the epidermis and subcutaneous tissue, and comprises two sections, the papillary and reticular dermis. The superficial papillary dermis interdigitates with the overlying rete ridges of the epidermis, between which the two layers interact through the basement membrane zone. Structural components of the dermis are collagen, elastic fibers, and extrafibrillar matrix (previously called ground substance). Within these components are the pilosebaceous units, arrector pili muscles, and the eccrine and apocrine glands. The dermis contains two vascular networks that run parallel to the skin surface—one superficial and one deep plexus—which are connected by vertical communicating vessels. The function of blood vessels within the dermis is fourfold: to supply nutrition, to regulate temperature, to modulate inflammation, and to participate in wound healing.
The subcutaneous tissue is a layer of fat between the dermis and underlying fascia. This tissue may be further divided into two components, the actual fatty layer, or panniculus adiposus, and a deeper vestigial layer of muscle, the panniculus carnosus. The main cellular component of this tissue is the adipocyte, or fat cell. The structure of this tissue is composed of septal (i.e. linear strands) and lobular compartments, which differ in microscopic appearance. Functionally, the subcutaneous fat insulates the body, absorbs trauma, and serves as a reserve energy source.
Conditions of the human integumentary system constitute a broad spectrum of diseases, also known as dermatoses, as well as many nonpathologic states (like, in certain circumstances, melanonychia and racquet nails). While only a small number of skin diseases account for most visits to the physician, thousands of skin conditions have been described.
Classification of these conditions often presents many nosological challenges, since underlying etiologies and pathogenetics are often not known. Therefore, most current textbooks present a classification based on location (for example, conditions of the mucous membrane), morphology (chronic blistering conditions), etiology (skin conditions resulting from physical factors), and so on. Clinically, the diagnosis of any particular skin condition is made by gathering pertinent information regarding the presenting skin lesion(s), including the location (such as arms, head, legs), symptoms (pruritus, pain), duration (acute or chronic), arrangement (solitary, generalized, annular, linear), morphology (macules, papules, vesicles), and colour (red, blue, brown, black, white, yellow). The diagnosis of a many conditions often also requires a skin biopsy which yields histologic information that can be correlated with the clinical presentation and any laboratory data.
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Diseases – Cutaneous (Skin) Diseases – Infection Related (Bacteria and Mycobacteria)
Infection-related cutaneous conditions may be caused by bacteria, fungi, yeast, viruses, and/or parasites.
Bacterium-related
Bacterium-related cutaneous conditions often have distinct morphologic characteristics that may be an indication of a generalized systemic process or simply an isolated superficial infection.
- Aeromonas infection
- African tick bite fever
- American tick bite fever (Rickettsia parkeri infection)
- Arcanobacterium haemolyticum infection
- Bacillary angiomatosis
- Bejel (Endemic syphilis)
- Blastomycosis-like pyoderma (Pyoderma vegetans)
- Blistering distal dactylitis
- Botryomycosis
- Brill–Zinsser disease
- Brucellosis (Bang's disease, Malta fever, Undulant fever)
- Bullous impetigo
- Cat scratch disease (Cat scratch fever, English–Wear infection, Inoculation lymphoreticulosis, Subacute regional lymphadenitis)
- Cellulitis
- Chancre
- Chancroid (Soft chancre, Ulcus molle)
- Chlamydial infection
- Chronic lymphangitis
- Chronic recurrent erysipelas
- Chronic undermining burrowing ulcers (Meleney gangrene)
- Chromobacteriosis infection
- Condylomata lata
- Cutaneous actinomycosis
- Cutaneous anthrax infection
- Cutaneous diphtheria infection
- Cutaneous group B streptococcal infection
- Cutaneous Pasteurella hemolytica infection
- Cutaneous Streptococcus iniae infection
- Dermatitis gangrenosa (Gangrene of the skin)
- Desert sore (Barcoo rot, Diphtheric desert sore, Septic sore, Veldt sore)
- Ecthyma
- Ecthyma gangrenosum
- Ehrlichiosis ewingii infection
- Elephantiasis nostras
- Endemic typhus (Murine typhus)
- Epidemic typhus (Epidemic louse-borne typhus)
- Erysipelas (Ignis sacer, Saint Anthony's fire)
- Erysipeloid of Rosenbach
- Erythema marginatum
- Erythrasma
- External otitis (Otitis externa, Swimmer's ear)
- Flea-borne spotted fever
- Flinders Island spotted fever
- Flying squirrel typhus
- Folliculitis
- Fournier gangrene of the penis or scrotum
- Furunculosis (Boil)
- Gas gangrene (Clostridial myonecrosis, Myonecrosis)
- Glanders (Equinia, Farcy, Malleus)
- Gonococcemia (Arthritis–dermatosis syndrome, Disseminated gonococcal infection)
- Gonorrhea (Clap)
- Gram-negative folliculitis
- Gram-negative toe web infection
- Granuloma inguinale (Donovanosis, Granuloma genitoinguinale, Granuloma inguinale tropicum, Granuloma venereum, Granuloma venereum genitoinguinale, Lupoid form of groin ulceration, Serpiginous ulceration of the groin, Ulcerating granuloma of the pudendum, Ulcerating sclerosing granuloma)
- Green nail syndrome
- Group JK corynebacterium sepsis
- Haemophilus influenzae cellulitis
- Helicobacter cellulitis
- Hospital furunculosis
- Hot tub folliculitis (Pseudomonas aeruginosa folliculitis)
- Human granulocytotropic anaplasmosis
- Human monocytotropic ehrlichiosis
- Impetigo contagiosa
- Japanese spotted fever
- Leptospirosis (Fort Bragg fever, Pretibial fever, Weil's disease)
- Listeriosis
- Ludwig's angina
- Lupoid sycosis
- Lyme disease (Afzelius' disease, Lyme borreliosis)
- Lymphogranuloma venereum (Climatic bubo, Durand–Nicolas–Favre disease, Lymphogranuloma inguinale, Poradenitis inguinale, Strumous bubo)
- Malakoplakia (Malacoplakia)
- Mediterranean spotted fever (Boutonneuse fever)
- Melioidosis (Whitmore's disease)
- Meningococcemia
- Missouri Lyme disease
- Mycoplasma infection
- Necrotizing fasciitis (Flesh-eating bacteria syndrome)
- Neonatal toxic shock-like exanthematous disease
- Nocardiosis
- Noma neonatorum
- North Asian tick typhus
- Ophthalmia neonatorum
- Oroya fever (Carrion's disease)
- Pasteurellosis
- Perianal cellulitis (Perineal dermatitis, Streptococcal perianal disease)
- Periapical abscess
- Pinta
- Pitted keratolysis (Keratolysis plantare sulcatum, Keratoma plantare sulcatum, Ringed keratolysis)
- Plague
- Primary gonococcal dermatitis
- Pseudomonal pyoderma
- Pseudomonas hot-foot syndrome
- Pyogenic paronychia
- Pyomyositis
- Q fever
- Queensland tick typhus
- Rat-bite fever
- Recurrent toxin-mediated perineal erythema
- Rhinoscleroma
- Rickettsia aeschlimannii infection
- Rickettsialpox
- Rocky Mountain spotted fever
- Saber shin (Anterior tibial bowing)
- Saddle nose
- Salmonellosis
- Scarlet fever
- Scrub typhus (Tsutsugamushi fever)
- Shigellosis
- Staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome (Pemphigus neonatorum, Ritter's disease)
- Streptococcal intertrigo
- Superficial pustular folliculitis (Impetigo of Bockhart, Superficial folliculitis)
- Sycosis vulgaris (Barber's itch, Sycosis barbae)
- Syphilid
- Syphilis (Lues)
- Tick-borne lymphadenopathy
- Toxic shock syndrome (Streptococcal toxic shock syndrome, Streptococcal toxic shock-like syndrome, Toxic streptococcal syndrome)
- Trench fever (Five day fever, Quintan fever, Urban trench fever)
- Tropical ulcer (Aden ulcer, Jungle rot, Malabar ulcer, Tropical phagedena)
- Tularemia (Deer fly fever, Ohara's disease, Pahvant Valley plague, Rabbit fever)
- Verruga peruana
- Vibrio vulnificus infection
- Yaws (Bouba, Frambösie, Parangi, Pian)
Mycobacterium-related
Mycobacterium-related cutaneous conditions are caused by mycobacterium infections.
- Aquarium granuloma (Fish tank granuloma, Swimming pool granuloma)
- Borderline lepromatous leprosy
- Borderline leprosy
- Borderline tuberculoid leprosy
- Buruli ulcer (Bairnsdale ulcer, Searl ulcer, Searle's ulcer)
- Erythema induratum (Bazin disease)
- Histoid leprosy
- Lepromatous leprosy
- Leprosy (Hansen's disease)
- Lichen scrofulosorum (Tuberculosis cutis lichenoides)
- Lupus vulgaris (Tuberculosis luposa)
- Miliary tuberculosis (Disseminated tuberculosis, Tuberculosis cutis acuta generalisata, Tuberculosis cutis disseminata)
- Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare complex infection
- Mycobacterium haemophilum infection
- Mycobacterium kansasii infection
- Papulonecrotic tuberculid
- Primary inoculation tuberculosis (Cutaneous primary complex, Primary tuberculous complex, Tuberculous chancre)
- Rapid growing mycobacterium infection
- Scrofuloderma (Tuberculosis cutis colliquativa)
- Tuberculosis cutis orificialis (Acute tuberculous ulcer, Orificial tuberculosis)
- Tuberculosis verrucosa cutis (Lupus verrucosus, Prosector's wart, Warty tuberculosis)
- Tuberculous cellulitis
- Tuberculous gumma (Metastatic tuberculous abscess, Metastatic tuberculous ulcer)
- Tuberculoid leprosy
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