List Of Cutaneous (Skin) Conditions - Vascular Related

 

List Of Cutaneous (Skin) Conditions - Vascular Related

 

There are many conditions of or affecting the human integumentary system—the organ system that covers the entire surface of the body and is composed of skin, hair, nails, and related muscle and glands. The major function of this system is as a barrier against the external environment. The skin weighs an average of four kilograms, covers an area of two square meters, and is made of three distinct layers: the epidermis, dermis, and subcutaneous tissue. There are two main types of human skin: glabrous skin, the non-hairy skin on the palms and soles (also referred to as the "palmoplantar" surfaces), and hair-bearing skin. Within the latter type, there are hairs in structures called pilosebaceous units, each with hair follicle, sebaceous gland, and associated arrector pili muscle. In the embryo, the epidermis, hair, and glands form from the ectoderm, which is chemically influenced by the underlying mesoderm that forms the dermis and subcutaneous tissues.
 

The epidermis is the most superficial layer of skin, a squamous epithelium with several strata: the stratum corneum, stratum lucidum, stratum granulosum, stratum spinosum, and stratum basale. Nourishment is provided to these layers via diffusion from the dermis, since the epidermis is without direct blood supply. The epidermis contains four cell types: keratinocytes, melanocytes, Langerhans cells, and the Merkel cell. Of these, keratinocytes are the major component, constituting roughly 95 percent of the epidermis. This stratified squamous epithelium is maintained by cell division within the stratum basale, in which differentiating cells slowly displace outwards through the stratum spinosum to the stratum corneum, where cells are continually shed from the surface. In normal skin, the rate of production equals the rate of loss; it takes about two weeks for a cell to migrate from the basal cell layer to the top of the granular cell layer, and an additional two weeks to cross the stratum corneum.
 

The dermis is the layer of skin between the epidermis and subcutaneous tissue, and comprises two sections, the papillary and reticular dermis. The superficial papillary dermis interdigitates with the overlying rete ridges of the epidermis, between which the two layers interact through the basement membrane zone. Structural components of the dermis are collagen, elastic fibers, and extrafibrillar matrix (previously called ground substance). Within these components are the pilosebaceous units, arrector pili muscles, and the eccrine and apocrine glands. The dermis contains two vascular networks that run parallel to the skin surface—one superficial and one deep plexus—which are connected by vertical communicating vessels. The function of blood vessels within the dermis is fourfold: to supply nutrition, to regulate temperature, to modulate inflammation, and to participate in wound healing.

The subcutaneous tissue is a layer of fat between the dermis and underlying fascia. This tissue may be further divided into two components, the actual fatty layer, or panniculus adiposus, and a deeper vestigial layer of muscle, the panniculus carnosus. The main cellular component of this tissue is the adipocyte, or fat cell. The structure of this tissue is composed of septal (i.e. linear strands) and lobular compartments, which differ in microscopic appearance. Functionally, the subcutaneous fat insulates the body, absorbs trauma, and serves as a reserve energy source.

 

Conditions of the human integumentary system constitute a broad spectrum of diseases, also known as dermatoses, as well as many nonpathologic states (like, in certain circumstances, melanonychia and racquet nails). While only a small number of skin diseases account for most visits to the physician, thousands of skin conditions have been described.

 

Classification of these conditions often presents many nosological challenges, since underlying etiologies and pathogenetics are often not known. Therefore, most current textbooks present a classification based on location (for example, conditions of the mucous membrane), morphology (chronic blistering conditions), etiology (skin conditions resulting from physical factors), and so on. Clinically, the diagnosis of any particular skin condition is made by gathering pertinent information regarding the presenting skin lesion(s), including the location (such as arms, head, legs), symptoms (pruritus, pain), duration (acute or chronic), arrangement (solitary, generalized, annular, linear), morphology (macules, papules, vesicles), and colour (red, blue, brown, black, white, yellow). The diagnosis of a many conditions often also requires a skin biopsy which yields histologic information that can be correlated with the clinical presentation and any laboratory data.

 

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Diseases – Cutaneous (Skin) Diseases – Vascular Related

 

Vascular-related cutaneous conditions result from dysfunction of the blood and/or blood vessels in the dermis, or lymphatics in the subcutaneous tissues.

 

• Aagenaes syndrome
• Acroangiodermatitis (Acroangiodermatitis of Mali, Mali acroangiodermatitis, Pseudo-Kaposi's sarcoma)
• Acute hemorrhagic edema of infancy (Acute hemorrhagic edema of childhood, Finkelstein's disease, Infantile postinfectious iris-like purpura and edema, Medallion-like purpura, Purpura en cocarde avec oedema, Seidlmayer syndrome)
• Arterial insufficiency ulcer (Ischemic ulcer)
• Arteriosclerosis obliterans
• Bier spots
• Blueberry muffin baby
• Bonnet–Dechaume–Blanc syndrome (Wyburn–Mason syndrome)
• Bullous lymphedema
• Bullous small vessel vasculitis (Bullous variant of small vessel vasculitis)
• Calciphylaxis
• Cholesterol embolus (Warfarin blue toe syndrome)
• Cobb syndrome
• Cryofibrinogenemic purpura
• Cryoglobulinemic purpura
• Cryoglobulinemic vasculitis
• Cutaneous small-vessel vasculitis (Cutaneous leukocytoclastic angiitis, Cutaneous leukocytoclastic vasculitis, Cutaneous necrotizing venulitis, Hypersensitivity angiitis)
• Deep venous thrombosis
• Disseminated intravascular coagulation
• Doucas and Kapetanakis pigmented purpura
• Drug-induced purpura
• Drug-induced thrombocytopenic purpura
• Eczematid-like purpura of Doucas and Kapetanakis
• Epidemic dropsy
• Erythema elevatum diutinum
• Erythromelalgia (Acromelalgia, Erythermalgia)
• Factitial lymphedema (Hysterical edema)
• Fibrinolysis syndrome (Defibrinating syndrome, Hypofibrinogenemia)
• Food-induced purpura
• Generalized essential telangiectasia (General essential telangiectasia)
• Giant-cell arteritis
• Gougerot–Blum syndrome (Pigmented purpuric lichenoid dermatitis, Pigmented purpuric lichenoid dermatitis of Gougerot and Blum)
• Hematopoietic ulcer
• Hennekam syndrome (Hennekam lymphangiectasia-lymphedema syndrome, Intestinal lymphagiectasia-lymphedema-mental retardation syndrome)
• Henoch–Schönlein purpura (Anaphylactoid purpura, Purpura rheumatica, Schönlein–Henoch purpura)
• Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia (Osler's disease, Osler–Weber–Rendu disease)
• Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (Autoimmune thrombocytopenic purpura, Werlhof's disease)
• IgA vasculitis
• Kawasaki's disease (Mucocutaneous lymph node syndrome)
• Lichen aureus (Lichen purpuricus)
• Livedo racemosa
• Livedo reticularis
• Livedoid dermatitis (Embolia cutis medicamentosa, Nicolau syndrome)
• Livedoid vasculopathy (Atrophie blanche, Livedo reticularis with summer ulceration, Livedoid vasculitis, PURPLE syndrome, Segmental hyalinizing vasculitis)
• Lymphedema praecox
• Lymphedema–distichiasis syndrome
• Maffucci syndrome
• Majocchi's disease (Purpura annularis telangiectodes, Purpura annularis telangiectodes of Majocchi)
• Malignant atrophic papulosis (Degos' disease)
• Marshall–White syndrome
• Meige lymphedema
• Microscopic polyangiitis (Microscopic polyarteritis, Microscopic polyarteritis nodosa)
• Mondor's disease (Mondor's syndrome of superficial thrombophlebitis)
• Neuropathic ulcer (Mal perforans)
• Njolstad syndrome
• Nonne–Milroy–Meige syndrome (Hereditary lymphedema, Milroy disease)
• Obstructive purpura
• Orthostatic purpura (Stasis purpura)
• Painful bruising syndrome (Autoerythrocyte sensitization, Gardner–Diamond syndrome, Psychogenic purpura)
• Parkes Weber syndrome
• Paroxysmal hand hematoma (Achenbach syndrome)
• Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria
• Polyarteritis nodosa (Panarteritis nodosa, Periarteritis nodosa)
• Postcardiotomy syndrome
• Perinatal gangrene of the buttock
• Pigmentary purpuric eruptions (Progressive pigmentary dermatosis, Progressive pigmenting purpura, Purpura pigmentosa chronica)
• Postinflammatory lymphedema
• Postmastectomy lymphangiosarcoma (Stewart–Treves syndrome)
• Purpura fulminans (Purpura gangrenosa)
• Purpura secondary to clotting disorders
• Purpuric agave dermatitis
• Raynaud phenomenon
• Raynaud's disease (Primary Raynaud's phenomenon)
• Reactive angioendotheliomatosis
• Schamberg's disease (Progressive pigmentary dermatosis of Schamberg, Purpura pigmentosa progressiva, Schamberg's purpura)
• Secondary lymphedema
• Septic thrombophlebitis
• Sinusoidal hemangioma
• Sneddon's syndrome (Idiopathic livedo reticularis with cerebrovascular accidents)
• Solar purpura (Actinic purpura, Senile purpura)
• Stasis dermatitis (Congestion eczema, Gravitational dermatitis, Gravitational eczema, Stasis eczema, Varicose eczema)
• Superficial thrombophlebitis
• Takayasu arteritis (Aortic arch syndrome, Pulseless disease)
• Temporal arteritis (Cranial arteritis, Horton's disease)
• Thromboangiitis obliterans (Buerger's disease)
• Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (Moschcowitz syndrome)
• Traumatic purpura
• Trousseau's syndrome
• Unilateral nevoid telangiectasia (Nevoid telangiectasia)
• Urticarial vasculitis (Chronic urticaria as a manifestation of venulitis, Hypocomplementemic urticarial vasculitis syndrome, Hypocomplementemic vasculitis, Unusual lupus-like syndrome)
• Venous insufficiency ulceration
• Waldenström hyperglobulinemic purpura (Purpura hyperglobulinemica)
• Waldenström macroglobulinemia
• Wegener granulomatosis
• Yellow nail syndrome (Primary lymphedema associated with yellow nails and pleural effusion)